Admiralty in the 18th century
- First Lord of the Admiralty President of the Board
British government
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 rearranged the political map of Europe, and led to a series of wars with France that lasted well over a century. This was the classic age of sail; while the ships themselves evolved in only minor ways, technique and tactics were honed to a high degree, and the battles of the Napoleonic Wars entailed feats that would have been impossible for the fleets of the 17th century. Because of parliamentary opposition, James II fled the country. The landing of William III and the Glorious Revolution itself was a gigantic effort involving 100 warships and 400 transports carrying 11,000 infantry and 4,000 horses. It was not opposed by the English or Scottish fleets.
Historical overview
Naval operations in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13) were with the Dutch against the Spanish and French. They were at first focused on the acquisition of a Mediterranean base, culminating in an alliance with Portugal and the capture of Gibraltar (1704) and Port Mahon in Menorca (1708). In addition Newfoundland and Nova Scotia were obtained. Even so, freedom of action in the Mediterranean did not decide the war, although it gave the new Kingdom of Great Britain (created by the Union of England and Scotland in 1707) an advantage when negotiating the Peace of Utrecht, and made Britain a recognized great power. The British fleet ended Spanish occupation of Sicily in 1718 and in 1727 blockaded Panama.
The subsequent quarter-century of peace saw a few naval actions. The navy was used against Russia and Sweden in the Baltic from 1715 to 1727 to protect supplies of naval stores. It was used at the Cape Passaro in 1718, during the Great Northern War, and in the West Indies (1726). There was a war against Spain in 1739 over the slave trade. In 1745 the navy transported troops and stores to Scotland to defeat the Jacobite rising.
The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–48) saw various naval operations in the Caribbean under different admirals against Spanish trade and possessions, before the war subsequently merged into the wider War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). This, in turn, brought a new round of naval operations against France. In 1745 the navy twice defeated the French off Finisterre but their convoys escaped. The Navy also defended against invasion by Charles Edward Stuart the "Young Pretender". By the end of the war, the Navy was fully engaged in the worldwide protection of British trade.
The Seven Years' War (1756–63) began somewhat inauspiciously for the Navy, with a French siege of Menorca and the failure to relieve it. Menorca was lost but subsequent operations went more successfully (due more to government support and better strategic thinking, rather than admirals "encouraged" by Byng's example), and the British fleet won several victories. The French tried to invade Britain in 1759 but their force was defeated at Quiberon Bay. Spain entered the war against Britain in 1762 but lost Havana and Manila, though the latter was given back in exchange for Florida. The Treaty of Paris that ended the war left Britain with colonial gains, but isolated strategically.
At the beginning of the American Revolutionary War (1775–83), the Royal Navy dealt with the fledgling Continental Navy handily, destroying or capturing many of its vessels. France soon took the American side, and in 1778 a French fleet sailed for America, where it attempted to land at Rhode Island and nearly engaged with the British fleet before a storm intervened Spain and the Dutch Republic entered the war in 1780. Action shifted to the Caribbean, where there were a number of battles with varying results. The most important operation came in 1781 when, in the Battle of the Chesapeake, the British failed to lift the French blockade of Lord Cornwallis, resulting in a British surrender in the Battle of Yorktown. Although combat was over in North America, it continued in the Caribbean and India, where the British experienced both successes and failures. Though Menorca had been recaptured, it was returned to the Spanish.
Organization eighteenth century
Admiralty of Great Britain
- English Navy White Ensign 1700–1707
- British Navy White Ensign 1707–1801
- White Squadron Ensign 1702–1707
Commander in chiefs
Board of Admiralty
The Board of Admiralty and the Lord's Commissioners executing the office of the Lord High Admiral[1]
- the Board of Admiralty
- Private Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, and member of the English government to 1706, member of the British government (1707–1801).
- Office of Private Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty
- Office of the Clerk of the Admiralty
- Office of the Admiralty Clerk of the Journals appointed,(1638 – 1741).
- Private Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, and member of the English government to 1706, member of the British government (1707–1801).
Civil Commissioner
- First Secretary to the Admiralty (1652 – present)
- Office of the Chief Clerk of the Admiralty, appointed, (1694 – 1870).
- Deputy Secretary to the Admiralty (1728 – 41), (1744 – 6), (1756 – 9), (1764 – 83).
- Joint Secretary to the Admiralty (1741 – 1742).
- Office of the Second Secretary to the Admiralty (1702 – 1766), (1759 – 1763),
Naval Lords
- Naval Lord Commissioners (1700 – 1762)
- Senior Naval Lord from (1689 – 1860)
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
609 commissioners served during 18th century
Notes: Between 1693 and 1830 the commission always included either 1 or 2 additional naval lords except from 1757 until 1782 when it was just the Senior Naval Lord. After 1830 the Naval Lords are titled, First, Second, Third, Fourth until 1904 when they are re-styled Sea Lord. A junior naval lord is introduced in 1868 until 1903 then is re-styled Fifth Sea lord from 1917.
Judicial administration
- Office of the Lord High Admiral
- Advocate General to the office of the Lord High Admiral
Legal Advisors to the admiralty courts
- Office of the Lord High Admiral
- Office of the Counsel to the Admiralty,[4] ( attached originally to the Navy Board) appointed 1673–1824
- Office of Solicitor for the affairs of the Admiralty and Navy, appointed, (1692 – 1799).
High court of the admiralty
- Office of the High Court of the Admiralty Court (1450 – 1875).[5][6]
- Office of the President and Judge of the High Court in England and Wales only.
- Office of the Judge Advocate of the Fleet
- Office of the Deputy Judge Advocate of the Fleet
- Office of the Proctor of the High Court
- Office of the Marshall of the High Court
- Office of the Droits of the High Court
- Vice Admiralty Courts (Home)
- Vice Admiralty Jurisdictions and prizes (Abroad)
Note:Admiralty Courts date to at least the 1360s, during the reign of Edward III. At that time there were three such Courts, appointed by Admirals responsible for waters to the north, south and west of England. In 1483 these local courts were amalgamated into a single High Court of Admiralty, administered by the Lord High Admiral of England.[7]
Vice admiralty courts
Vice-Admiral of the Coast [8] was responsible for the defence of one of the twenty maritime counties of England, the North and South of Wales, Scotland and Ireland As a Vice-Admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included, deciding the outcome of the Prize court (captured by pirate ships), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks, acting as a judge in relation to maritime issues.
England
- Vice-Admiral Cheshire
- Vice-Admiral Cornwall
- Vice-Admiral Cumberland
- Vice-Admiral Devon
- Vice-Admiral Dorset
- Vice-Admiral Durham
- Vice-Admiral Essex
- Vice-Admiral Gloucestershire
- Vice-Admiral Hampshire
- Vice-Admiral Kent
- Vice-Admiral Lancashire
- Vice-Admiral Lincolnshire
- Vice-Admiral Norfolk
- Vice-Admiral Northumberland
- Vice-Admiral Somerset
- Vice-Admiral Suffolk
- Vice-Admiral Sussex
- Vice-Admiral Westmorland
- Vice-Admiral Yorkshire
Ireland
- Vice-Admiral Ireland
- Vice-Admiral Connaught
- Vice-Admiral Leinster
- Vice-Admiral Munster
- Vice-Admiral Ulster
Scotland
- Vice-Admiral Scotland
- Vice-Admiral Orkney and Shetland
- Vice-Admiral Western Coast
Wales
Vice Admiralty Jurisdictions and prizes abroad By appointing Vice-Admirals in the colonies, and by constituting courts as Vice-Admiralty Courts, the terminology recognized that the existence and superiority of the "mother" court in the United Kingdom. Thus, the "vice" tag denoted that whilst it was a separate court, it was not equal to the "mother" court. In the case of the courts abroad, a right of appeal lay back to the British Admiralty Court, which further reinforced this superiority. In all respects, the court was an Imperial court rather than a local Colonial court.
North America[9]
- Vice-Admiral Carolina (1694–1712)
- Vice-Admiral Georgia (1754–1777)
- Vice-Admiral Maryland (1697–1776)
- Vice-Admiral Massachusetts (1698–1776)
- Vice-Admiral New Hampshire (1699–1776)
- Vice-Admiral New York, including, Connecticut and New Jersey (1694–1776)
- Vice-Admiral North Carolina (1729–1776)
- Vice-Admiral Pennsylvania, including Delaware, (1697–1776)
- Vice-Admiral Rhode Island (1704–1776)
- Vice-Admiral South Carolina (1712–1776)
- Vice-Admiral Virginia (1697–1776)
West Indies
Senior leadership
Naval High Command included:[10][11]
- Office of the Lord High Admiral (1600–1628)
- Office of the Vice-Admiral of England (1600–1707)
- Office of the Vice-Admiral of Great Britain (1707–1801)
- Office of the Rear-Admiral of England (1600–1707)
- Office of the Rear-Admiral of Great Britain (1707–1801)
- Office of the First lord of the Admiralty (1628–1964)
- Office of the Naval Lord of the Admiralty.
- Admiralty Secretariat
- Board of longitude
- Greenwich Hospital
- Nautical Almanac Office
- Office of the Chaplain General
- Office of the Charity for Sea Officers’ Widows
- Office of the Compassionate Fund
- Office of the Hydrographer of the Navy
- Office of the Poor Knights of Windsor
- Register office
- Royal Naval Academy
- Royal Observatory
- Sixpenny Office
- Office of the Naval Lord of the Admiralty.
Fleet commands
Flag officers of the fleet
- Admiral of the Fleet Red[12]
- Admiral of the White.[14]
- Admiral of the Blue.[16]
Flag officers commanding fleets and stations
Fleets
- Commander-in-Chief, Channel Fleet (1690 – 1909).
- Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet (1690 – 1967).
Home Commands
- Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Ireland Station (1797 – 1922).
- Commander-in-Chief, The Downs (1777 – 1815) [18]
- Commander-in-Chief, The Nore (1742 – 1961)
- Admiral-Superintendent, Chatham (1752 – 1955)
- Captain Superintendent, Sheerness (1799 – 1898).
- Admiral-Superintendent, Chatham (1752 – 1955)
- Commander-in-Chief, North Sea (1782 – 1815) [19]
- Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth (1697 – 1969).
- Admiral-superintendent, Portsmouth (1707 – 1712), (1832 – 1969)
- Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth (1743 – 1969).
- Admiral-Superintendent, Plymouth (1707 – 1712), (1832 – 1966)
Overseas Commands
- Commander-in-Chief, Jamaica Station (1655 – 1830).
- Commander-in-Chief, Newfoundland Station (1729 – 1825).
- Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station (1744 – 1941).
- Commander-in-Chief, North America Station (1745 – 1818).
- Commander-in-Chief, Leeward Islands Station (1775 – 1853).[20]
- Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station (1795 – 1939).
Fleet units
Composition of the Navy by 1760 | |
Type | Number of units [21] |
Ships of the Line 1st rate | 7 |
Ships of the Line 2nd rate | 13 |
Ships of the Line 3rd rate | 71 |
Ships of the Line 4th rate | 73 |
Ships of the Line 5th rate | 54 |
Ships of the Line 6th rate | 61 |
Captured ships of the line | 15 |
Frigates | 82 |
Sloops | 21 |
Armed Merchants | 39 |
Fireships | 27 |
Bomb Vessels | 15 |
Hospital Ships | 4 |
Yachts | 5 |
In commission | 487 |
Composition of the Navy by 1799 | |
Type | Number of units [22] |
Ships of the Line | 230 |
Captured ships of the line | 25 |
Frigates | 234 |
Sloops | 331 |
Brigs | 54 |
Fireships | 34 |
Bomb Vessels | 31 |
Hospital Ships | 2 |
Yachts | 5 |
In commission | 946 |
Squadrons [23]
- Red Squadron
- White Squadron
- Blue Squadron
Administrative and logistical support
Board of Ordnance
- Office of the Board of Ordnance. (1597–1855) [24]
- Office of the Master-General of the Ordnance (1597–1855)
- Office of the Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance (1597–1855)
- Office of the Treasurer of the Ordinance (1597–1855)
- Office of the Surveyor-General of the Ordnance (1597–1888)
- Office of the Clerk of the Ordnance (1554–1853)
- Office of the Storekeeper of the Ordnance (1558–1845)
- Office of the Clerk of Deliveries of the Ordnance (1570–1812)
- Officers and Officials of Ordnance yards and stores
- Office of the Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance (1597–1855)
- Office of the Master-General of the Ordnance (1597–1855)
Ordnance yards and stores
Home Ordnance Yards
Gunpowder Magazines Stores
- Tower of London, London, (1461–1855)
- Square Tower, Portsmouth, (1584–1855)
Construction, design, maintenance, material, supplies
- Office of the Navy Board also known as the Navy Office
- Office of the Comptroller of the Navy (1597–1832)
- Office of the Surveyor of the Navy (1597–1832)
- Office of the Inspector of Naval Repairs (1731–1796).
- Naval Works Department (1796 – 1813)
- Office of the Inspector General of Naval Works (1796 – 1808)
- Office of the Architect of Naval Works (1796 – 1808)
- Office of the Mechanist of Naval Works (1796 – 1808)
- Office of the Mechanist of Naval Works (1796 – 1808)
- Office of the Chemist of Naval Works (1796 – 1808)
- Office of the Secretary of Naval Works (1731–1799).
- Offices the Master Shipwrights of Naval Dockyards
- Office of the Inspector General of Naval Works (1796 – 1808)
- Office of the Treasurer of the Navy (1546–1597).[25]
- Navy Pay Office
- Office of the Paymaster of the Navy
- Allotment Office
- Bills and Accounts Office
- Navy Branch
- Office for Examining Treasurer's Accounts
- Prize Branch
- Remittance Office
- Ticket Office
- Office for Seaman's Wages
- Office for Stores
- Office of the Paymaster of the Navy
- Navy Pay Office
- Office of the Clerk of the Acts (1413–1796)
- Office of the Controller of Treasurer Accounts (1667–1796)
- Office of the Controller of Victualling Accounts (1667–1796)
- Contract Office
- Office of the Controller of Storekeepers Accounts (1671–1796)
- Storekeepers HM Yards
- Office of the Surveyor of the Navy (1597–1832)
- Office of the Comptroller of the Navy (1597–1832)
Subsidiary boards
- Office of the Navy Board
- Office of the Comptroller of the Navy (1597–1831)
- Sick and Hurt Board, (established temporarily in times of war from 1653, placed on a permanent footing from 1715).
- Transport Board (1690–1724, re-established 1794–1862).
- Victualling Board (1683–1832).
- Office of the Chairman of the Board
- Office of the Commissioners of the Board
- Office of the Secretary for Cash and Stores Accounts.
- Cash Department
- Stores Department
- Office of the Secretary for Cash and Stores Accounts.
- Office of the Commissioners of the Board
- Victualling Yard, Antigua
- Office of the Commissioner Antigua
- Victualling Yard Deptford.
- Office of the Commissioner Deptford
- Victualling Yard, Gibraltar
- Office of the Commissioner Gibraltar
- Victualling Yard, Harwich
- Office of the Commissioner Harwich
- Victualling Yard, Jamaica
- Office of the Commissioner Jamaica
- Victualling Yard, Portsmouth
- Office of the Commissioner Portsmouth
- Victualling Yard, Plymouth
- Office of the Commissioner Plymouth
- Office of the Chairman of the Board
- Office of the Comptroller of the Navy (1597–1831)
Shore facilities
Note: Dockyards during this period were managed by the individual Commissioners of the Navy for each yard.
Home naval base and dockyards[26]
- Portsmouth Dockyard (1496–present), still active.
- Woolwich Dockyard (1512–1869).
- Deptford Dockyard (1513–1869).
- Erith Dockyard. (1514–1521), failed Yard: due to persistent flooding.
- Chatham Dockyard (1567–1983).
- Sheerness Dockyard (1665–1957).
- Plymouth Dockyard, Plymouth (1690–1824)
Oversea naval bases and dockyards[27]
- Jamaica Dockyard – Port Royal (1675–1905).
- Gibraltar Dockyard (1704–1982).
- Port Mahon Dockyard, Menorca, (1708–1802)
- Nelson's Dockyard, Antigua (1723–1889).
- Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax, Canada, (1759–1905).
- Navy Island Dockyard, Navy Island, Ontario, Canada, (1763–1822).
- Kingston Dockyard, Canada, (1783–1853).
- York Shipyards, Upper Canada (1793–1813)
- Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda (1795–1951).
- Amherstburg Royal Naval Dockyard, Canada (1796–1813).
Marines
Marine department
- Office of the Admirals Regiment, (1655 – 1755).
- Office of the Marine Department, (1755 – 1809).
- Marine Pay Office
- (Office of the Paymaster of the Marines, (1784 – 1831).
- Marine Pay Office
Marine forces
- Office of Corps of the Royal Marines (1755)
- Colonel Commandant Chatham Division
- Colonel Commandant Portsmouth Division
- Colonel Commandant Plymouth Division
Impress service
Note: Responsible for forced naval recruitment, the admiralty handled command and control of the impress service, whilst the navy board administered the service.[28]
- Office of the Impress Service
- Office of the Admiral Commanding Impress Service.[29]
- Offices of the Captains Regulating the Impress Service Ports.
- Office of the Admiral Commanding Impress Service.[29]
Sea fencible militias
Notes:The Sea Fencibles were a British naval militia, mostly volunteers, that was formed in 1793 to act as an anti-invasion force in coastal waters.
- Office of the Director Sea Fencibles.[30]
- Offices of the Fencible Districts
Sea Fencible Districts, 1798 to 1801 [31]
- Emsworth to Beachy Head
- Beachy Head to Deal
- Deal to Faversham
- Leigh to Harwich
- Harwich to Yarmouth
- Isle of Wight
- Coast of Hampshire
- Coast of Dorset
- Coast of Devon
- Plymouth to Land's End
- Saltfleet to Flamborough Head
References
- ^ Sainty, J. C. "Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660-1870". british-history.ac.uk. British History Online, University of London, Institute of Historical Research,1975. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ Davies, J. D. (2008). Pepys's Navy Ships, Men and Warfare 1649-89. Seaforth Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1783830220.
- ^ Davies, J. D. (2008). Pepys's Navy Ships, Men and Warfare 1649-89. Seaforth Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1783830220.
- ^ The Nautical Magazine: A Technical and Critical Journal for the Officers of the Mercantile Marine (14 ed.). James Brown & Son. 1845. p. 609.
- ^ Sainty, J C. "Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660-1870. Originally published by University of London, London, 1975". british-history.ac.uk. Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Studie, University of London, 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ Archives, The National. "High Court of Admiralty – The National Archives". The National Archives. The National Archives. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
- ^ Senior, W. (1924). "The Mace of the Admiralty Court". The Mariner's Mirror. 10 (1): 52. doi:10.1080/00253359.1924.10655256.
- ^ Baker, Sherston (Dec 20, 2010). Office of vice-admiral of the coast : being some account of that ancient office. [S.l.]: Gale Ecco, Making Of Mode. pp. 1–153. ISBN 9781240154067.
- ^ Ruppert, Bob. "Vice-Admiralty Courts and Writs of Assistance". allthingsliberty.com. Journal of the American Revolution, January 28, 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
- ^ Cock, Randolph; Roger, NAM (2006). A guide to the naval records in the National Archives of the UK. London: Univ. of London, Inst. of Historical Research. pp. 25–28. ISBN 1905165161.
- ^ Swift, Christopher; Cobb, Clinical Director and Senior Chaplain Mark; Cobb, Mark (2016). A Handbook of Chaplaincy Studies: Understanding Spiritual Care in Public Places. Routledge. p. 204. ISBN 9781317187998.
- ^ Corbett, Sir Julian Sir Julian (2007). England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713. Cosimo, Inc. p. 580. ISBN 9781602062672.
- ^ Baugh, Daniel A. (2015). British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9781400874637.
- ^ Corbett, Sir Julian Sir Julian (2007). England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713. Cosimo, Inc. p. 580. ISBN 9781602062672.
- ^ Baugh, Daniel A. (2015). British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9781400874637.
- ^ Corbett, Sir Julian Sir Julian (2007). England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713. Cosimo, Inc. p. 580. ISBN 9781602062672.
- ^ Baugh, Daniel A. (2015). British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9781400874637.
- ^ Hore, Captain Peter (May 20, 2015). Nelson's Band of Brothers: pdf. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848323568.
- ^ Hiscocks, Richard (19 January 2016). "North Sea Commander-in-Chief 1781, 1795-1815 - more than Nelson". more than Nelson. morethannelson.com. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
- ^ Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 110. ISBN 9780786438099.
- ^ Wilkinson, Clive (2004). The British Navy and the state in the eighteenth century (1. publ. ed.). Woodbridge [u.a.]: Boydell Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781843830429.
- ^ Clarke, James Stanier; McArthur, John (Sep 2, 2010). The Naval Chronicle: Volume 1, January-July 1799: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects. Cambridge University Press. p. 292. ISBN 9781108018401.
- ^ "Information sheet no 055, Squadron colours" (PDF). nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. National Museum of the Royal Navy, 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ Puddefoot, Geoff (2010). Ready for anything : the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, 1905-1950. Barnsley: Seaforth. p. 4. ISBN 9781848320741.
- ^ Sainty, J. C. "Navy Treasurer c. 1546-1836, A provisional list compiled by J C Sainty, January 2003". history.ac.uk. The Institute of Historical Research, University of London, 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
- ^ Government of the United Kingdom. "Royal Naval dockyard staff". nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives, 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ "Research guide B5 Royal Naval Dockyards". rmg.co.uk. Royal Museums Greenwich, 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ Dancy, J. Ross (2015). The Myth of the Press Gang: Volunteers, Impressment and the Naval Manpower Problem in the Late Eighteenth Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 137. ISBN 9781783270033.
- ^ Ennis, Daniel James (2002). Enter the press-gang : naval impressment in eighteenth-century British literature. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780874137552.
- ^ "Sea Fencibles What prompted Sir Home Popham to set up a Home Guard for the coastline?". rmg.co.uk. Royal Museums, Greenwich, 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ Archives, The National. "The Discovery Service". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. nationalarchives. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Sources
- The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 George IV. 1822. London: By His Majesty's Statute and Law Printer. 1822.
- Hamilton, Admiral Sir. R. Vesey, G.C.B. (1896). Naval Administration: The Constitution, Character, and Functions of the Board of Admiralty, and of the Civil Departments it Directs. London: George Bell and Sons.
- Logan, Karen Dale (1976). The Admiralty: Reforms and Re-organization, 1868–1892. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oxford.
- Miller, Francis H. (1884). The Origin and Constitution of the Admiralty and Navy Boards, to which is added an Account of the various Buildings in which the Business of the Navy has been transacted from time to time. London: For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Copy in Greene Papers. National Maritime Museum. GEE/19.
- Rodger. N.A.M., (1979) The Admiralty (offices of state), T. Dalton, Lavenham, ISBN 978-0900963940.
External links
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- Department of Research Programmes and Planning
- Department of Superintendent of de-magnetisation
- Department of the Admiral of the Training Service
- Department of the Chief Inspector of Naval Ordnance
- Department of the Chief of Naval Information
- Department of the Chief Scientist
- Department of the Civil Engineer-in-Chief
- Department of the Comptroller of Steam Machinery
- Department of the Comptroller of Victualling and Transport Services
- Department of the Controller of the Navy
- Department of the Controller-General of Merchant Shipbuilding
- Department of the Controller for Navy Pay
- Department of the Deputy Controller for Auxiliary Shipbuilding
- Department of the Deputy Controller for Dockyards and Shipbuilding
- Department of the Director Contract-Built Ships
- Department of the Director-General Aircraft
- Department of the Director-General of Manpower
- Department of the Director-General, Supply and Secretariat Branch
- Department of the Director of Aircraft Maintenance and Repair
- Department of the Director of Contract Labour
- Department of the Director of Dockyards
- Department of the Director of Electrical Engineering
- Department of the Director of Manning
- Department of the Director of Merchant Shipbuilding
- Department of the Director of Merchant Shipbuilding and Repairs
- Department of the Director of Merchant Ship Repairs
- Department of the Director of Naval Construction
- Department of the Director of Naval Equipment
- Department of the Director of Naval Recruiting
- Department of the Director of Naval Weather Service
- Department of the Director of Personal Services
- Department of the Director of Physical Training and Sports
- Department of the Director of Torpedoes and Mining
- Department of the Director of Transports
- Department of the Director of Underwater Weapons
- Department of the Director of Underwater Weapons Materials
- Department of the Director of Unexploded Bombs
- Department of the Director of Warship Production
- Department of the Director of Welfare and Service Conditions
- Department of the Director of Wreck Dispersal
- Department of the Flag Officer Sea Training
- Department of the Engineer in Chief
- Department of the Paymaster Director-General
- Department of the Inspector of Anti-Aircraft Weapons
- Department of the Inspector of Dockyard Expense Accounts
- Department of the Inspector-General of Naval Hospitals and Fleets
- Department of the Medical Director-General of the Navy
- Department of the Physician of the Navy
- Department of the Physician General of the Navy
- Department of the Storekeeper-General of the Navy
- Department of the Surveyor of Buildings
- Department of the Surveyor of Dockyards
- Directorate-General, (Naval Manpower and Training)
- Directorate General Training
- Dockyards and Fleet Maintenance Department
- Dockyards Branch
- Dockyard Expense Accounts Department
- Dockyard Schools
- Electrical Engineering Department
- Engineer Branch
- Engineering Department
- Experimental Department
- Fire Control Group
- Greenwich Hospital Department
- Inspector of Telegraphs
- Inspector of Repairs
- Joint Warfare Establishment
- Medical Consultative Board
- Medical Examining Board
- Historical Section
- Hydrographic Department
- Marine Department
- Marine Pay Department
- Materials and Priority Department
- Medical Consultative Board
- Medical Department
- Medical Examining Board
- Movements Department
- Nautical Almanac Office
- Naval Artillery and Torpedo Department
- Naval Engineering College
- Naval Equipment Department
- Naval Historical Branch
- Naval Construction Department
- Naval Intelligence Department
- Naval Medical Service
- Naval Law Division
- Naval Manpower Department
- Naval Mobilisation Department
- Naval Ordnance Department
- Naval Ordnance Inspection Department
- Naval Ordnance Stores Department
- Naval Personnel Services and Officer Appointments Department
- Naval Publicity Department
- Naval Regional Offices
- Naval Reserve Department
- Naval Security Department
- Naval Stores Department
- Naval Training Department
- Naval Works Department
- Navy, Army and Air Force Institute
- Navy and Army Canteen Board
- Navy Works Department
- Navigation Department
- Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope
- Office of the Admiral Commanding Coast Guard and Reserves
- Office of the Admiral Commanding, Reserves
- Office of the Admiralty Chemist
- Office of the Adviser on the Naval Construction to the Board of Admiralty
- Office of the Assistant Controller
- Office of the Assistant Controller Research and Development
- Office of the Clerk of the Journals
- Office of the Chief Polaris Executive
- Office of the Deputy Controller of Navy
- Office of the Deputy Controller Production
- Office of Extra Naval Assistant to Second Sea Lord
- Office of the Inspector Gun Mountings
- Office of the Keeper of Records
- Office of the Senior Psychologist (Naval)
- Office of the Senior Psychologist of the Navy
- Office of the Translator of French and Spanish Languages
- Office of the Vice Controller Air
- Office of the Vice Controller of the Navy
- Organisation and Methods Department
- Packet Service
- Regional Organisation for Merchant Shipbuilding and Repairs
- Royal Corps of Naval Constructors
- Royal Flying Corps
- Royal Marine Police
- Royal Marines Office
- Office of the Chaplain of the Fleet
- Royal Naval Academy
- Royal Naval Aircraft Workshops
- Royal Naval Air Service
- Royal Naval Air Stations
- Royal Naval Armaments Depot
- Royal Naval Auxiliary Service
- Royal Naval Cordite Factories
- Royal Naval Propellant Factory
- Royal Naval College
- Royal Naval College and the School for Naval Architecture
- Royal Naval College, Dartmouth
- Royal Naval College, Greenwich
- Royal Naval College, Keyham
- Royal Naval College, Osborne
- Royal Naval Engineering College
- Royal Naval Film Corporation
- Royal Naval Hospital
- Royal Naval Medical Depot
- Royal Naval Minewatching Service
- Royal Naval Mine Depot
- Royal Naval Patrol Service
- Royal Naval Scientific Service
- Royal Naval Sick Quarters
- Royal Naval Torpedo Depot
- Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
- Royal Naval War College
- Royal Naval War College, Portsmouth
- Royal Navy Dockyard
- Royal Navy Medical Service
- Royal Navy Shore Signal Service
- Royal Observatory, Greenwich
- Royal School of Naval Architecture
- Salvage Department
- School of Mathematics and Naval Construction
- Scientific Research and Experiment Department
- Sea Transport Branch
- Sea Transport Department
- Sea Transport Division
- Ship Department
- Ship Design Department
- Signal Department
- Signal School
- Sixpenny Office
- Statistics Department
- Steam Department
- Superintendent of De-magnetisation
- Torpedo Experimental Establishment
- Transport Department
- Undersurface Warfare Department
- Victualling Department
- Volunteer Boys and Cadet Corps
- Weapons Department
- Weapons Department (Naval)
- Women's Royal Naval Service
- Wireless Telegraphy Board
- 1st Fleet
- 2nd Fleet
- 3rd Fleet
- Commander-in-Chief, Africa
- Atlantic Fleet
- Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf
- Australia Station
- Cape of Good Hope Station
- Cape and West Africa Station
- Battle Cruiser Fleet
- Battle Cruiser Force
- Caspian Flotilla
- Channel Fleet
- Channel Squadron
- Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Ireland
- Cork Station
- Coast of Scotland
- Commander-in-Chief, China
- Commander-in-Chief, Dover
- Flag Officer, East Africa
- East Indies Station
- East Indies and China Station
- Eastern Fleet
- Far East Fleet
- English Channel
- Grand Fleet
- Flag Officer Gibraltar
- Harwich Force
- Home Fleet
- Jamaica Station
- Leith Station
- Commander-in-Chief, Levant
- Levant and East Mediterranean
- Commander-in-Chief, Leeward Islands
- Mediterranean Fleet
- Medway
- Newfoundland Station
- New Zealand Division
- New Zealand Naval Forces
- Nore
- North America and West Indies Station
- Commander-in-Chief, North Sea
- Admiral Commanding, Orkneys and Shetlands
- Pacific Fleet
- Pacific Station
- Admiral of Patrols
- Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth
- Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth
- Queenstown Station
- Royal East African Navy
- Royal Indian Navy
- Flag Officer Submarines
- Commander-in-Chief, Rosyth
- Reserve Fleet
- Scotland and Northern Ireland
- Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic
- South East Coast of America Station
- Commander-in-Chief, Thames and Medway
- West Africa Squadron
- Flag Officer, West Africa
- Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches
Parliamentary and Financial Secretary
- Department of the Civil Lord of the Admiralty
- Accountant-General's Department
- Comptroller of the Navy
- Department of the Surveyor of the Navy
and the Admiralty Secretariat
- Department of the Permanent Secretary
Permanent Secretary
- Admiralty Central Copying Branch
- Admiralty Central Registry Branch
- Admiralty Record Office
- Admiralty Library
- Admiralty Secretariat
- Air Branch
- Civil Branch
- Legal Branch
- Military Branch
- Naval Branch
- Ship Branch
- Department of the Civil Lord of the Admiralty, Department of the Additional Civil Lord of the Admiralty
Civil Lords
- Accountant-General's Department
- Contract and Purchase Department
- Department of the Director of Contract Labour
- Department of the Surveyor of Buildings
- Department of the Director of Works
- Greenwich Hospital Department
- Works Loan Department
- Admiralty Judicial Department
- Admiralty court
- High Court of Admiralty
- Office of the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty
- High Court of Justice
- Office of the Judge Advocate of the Fleet
- Office of the Marshall High Court of the Admiralty
- Office of the Admiralty Advocate
- Office of the Admiralty Proctor
- Office of the Chief Naval Judge Advocate
- Office of the Counsel for the Affairs of the Admiralty and Navy
- Office of the Counsel to the Admiralty
- Office of the Deputy Judge Advocate of the Fleet
- Office of the Receiver of Droits High Court of Admiralty
- Office of the Registrar High Court of the Admiralty
- Office of the Solicitor for the Affairs of the Admiralty
- Office of the Solicitor to the Admiralty and Navy
- Office of the Solicitor to the Admiralty
- Office of the Counsel to the Admiralty
- Court of Admiralty for the Cinque Ports
- King's Bench Division (Admiralty)
- Queens's Bench Division (Admiralty)
- Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division
- Vice Admiralty courts
- Colonial Courts of Admiralty